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11-09-2015, 14:39

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments v Introduction 1

Part 1. Prehistoric Fortifications

The Celts...................

. . .5

Hill Forts in Scotland.......

. . .25

Hill Forts and Oppida........

. . .8

Hill Forts in Ireland.........

. . .33

Hill Forts in England

Other Forms of Fortifications. ,

. . .38

And Wales................

. . 25

Aftermath.................

. . .51

Part 2. Roman Fortifications in Britain a. d. 43-409

The Roman Empire

Britannia..................

. . 62

And Its Army..............

. . 53

Camps and Forts...........

. . 64

Roman Engineering Corps. . . .

. . 55

Roman Urban Fortifications. .

. . 89

Part 3. Early Medieval Fortifications a. d. 409-1066

Anglo-Saxon Invasion........

. . 99

Burhs......................

, . 108

Danish Invasions............

. 102

Siege Warfare...............

, . 115

Dikes......................

. 104

Aftermath..................

, . 116

Part 4. Norman Castles 1066-1154

The Normans and England. . . .

. 117

Shell-Keeps.................

. 129

Norman Military Architecture.

. 122

Stone Keeps.................

. 133

Motte-and-Bailey Castles.....

. 124

Aftermath..................

, . 158

Part 5. Early Plantagenet Fortifications 1154-1327

Historical Background........161 Siege Warfare.........

Evolution of Castles in the 12 th and 13th Centuries.........178


Edwardian Castles Aftermath.......


. . 202 . . 230


Part 6. Late Plantagenet Fortifications 1327-1485

Historical Background.........231 Urban Fortifications...........252

Development of Castles in the  Tower Houses in the North. . . .281

14th and 15th Centuries.....238


Conclusion..................291

Appendix 1: Maps of the Main Castles in the British Isles 295 Appendix 2: Conservation Organizations 301 Appendix 3: Kings and Queens (from a. d. 802 to 1485) 304

Bibliography 305 Index 307



 

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