On pharmaceutical drugs and hypodermic injection in the late nineteenth century, see Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People (1981); Terry Parssinen, Secret Passions, Secret Remedies (1983); Marek Kohn, Narcomania (1987); Richard Davenport-Hines, The Pursuit of Oblivion (2001); and my Emperors of Dreams (2000).
On the birth of the criminal drug underground in America, see David Courtwright’s Dark Paradise (2001); in Britain, Marek Kohn’s Dope Girls (1992). On the emergence of the modern notion of ‘drugs’ and addiction, see Caroline Jean Acker, ‘From All-Purpose Anodyne to Marker o Deviance: Physicians’ attitudes to opiates in the US from 1890-1940’, and John Parascandola, ‘The Drug Habit’, both in the collection Drugs and Narcotics in History, pp. 114-32 and 156-67, respectively; and Acker’s subsequent book, Creating the American Junkie (2002). For an alternative view from the perspective of a drug user, see Underworld of the East (1935), the memoirs of James S. Lee, who offers a frank description of his recreational use of opium, cannabis, morphine, cocaine and other drugs in London, continental Europe and particularly the Far East between 1895 and 1914.
On the Harrison Act and the beginnings of drug control, see David F. Musto, The American Disease (1973) and his edited volume Drugs in America: A Documentary History (2002). On the discovery of amphetamines and their subsequent medical and recreational careers, see Nicolas Rasmussen, On Speed: The many lives of amphetamines (2008).
William Sargant’s story is in his memoirs, The Unquiet Mind (1967). Mescaline, LSD and Beyond
James Mooney’s account of his peyote experience, ‘The Mescal Plant anc Ceremony’, was published in Therapeutic Gazette, 12 [11] (1896), pp. 7-11; Silas Weir Mitchell’s ‘Remarks on the Effects of theAnhalonium lewinii (mescal button)’ appeared in the British Medical Journal2 (1896), pp. 162529. Havelock Ellis’s reportage, ‘A New Artificial Paradise’, appeared in the Contemporary Review of January 1898. All are discussed in my Emperors of Dreams (2000). Extracts from mescaline texts by Henri Michaux, Stanislaw Witkiewicz and others are included in my anthology Artificial Paradises (1999). See also Heinrich Kluver’s Mescal and Mechanisms of Hallucination (1928). The protocols of Walter Benjamin’s mescaline experiment of 1934 are included in On Hashish, Howard Eiland, ed. (2006), the most complete collection in English of Benjamin’s drug texts.
The story of the discovery of LSD is told by Albert Hofmann in hisLSD: My problem child (1979). The subsequent history of the drug is recounted by Jay Stevens in Storming Heaven: LSD and the American dream(1987). For the history of the Native American Church, see Omer Stewart, Peyote Religion (1987).
Alexander and Ann Shulgin tell their stories, along with reflections on their work and chemical syntheses of their discoveries, in PIHKAL (1991) and TIHKAL (1997). Other relevant and useful material is available at Www. erowid. org
World History
